Teenage drug addicts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Teenage drug addicts - Essay Example A study by National Center of Education Statistics during the year 2009 found out that the main reason of this proliferating numbers of teen drug addicts is that 22% of high school teens are being provided in drugs in their respective schools (Russell, 2008). This teen population, around 45% of this part of teen population cannot see any ‘risk’ due to excessive drug use. That means lack of awareness is the dominant reason that has led to such a grave issue. Teens living in UK are also in the running. They too fall in the same category that is severely attacked by this issue of Drug Abuse. They too are falling in the trap and ruining their lives, UK’s society and the country as a whole. Teen Drug Addiction in UK – Causes, Effects and Current Trends Even after the government’s several attempts of implementing strict policies on its teen population, the numbers of ‘Teenage Drug Addicts in Britain’ are increasing at a high rate. The deaths i n Britain due to drug abuse rose from 1952 to2182 deaths in total. Before peeking into the world of Teen Drug addicts in UK, we first need to know who these drugs came into this country and ruined the lives of many people, enjoying their teenage life. In case of Cocaine, UK is considered to be the most affected country due to drug abuse in the entire world. With 2% regular users of cocaine in UK, teens living between these people will surely fall in this trap and try their first drug, and this is what really happened. With a 19million share of the cost of drugs in the GDP of UK, more than 40% of this is paid by the UK teens. These figures clearly demonstrate the scenario of drug addicts who are teenagers and are living in Britain (Plant, et al, 2010). Overview of Teen drug Addiction During the time 2008 to 2009, around 8.1% increase has been observed in the number of teen drug users in UK. In UK, drug abuse is not just an epidemic, but a plaque. United Kingdom has a long history of teen drug abuse in its regards, because it was the first ever country of European Union that was reported to see the emergence of the drug misuse. In United Kingdom, drugs are commonly supplied around the country that’s why teens cannot find difficult in finding them and becoming huge big drug addicts in a short time period. This has led to a creation of social norm about this country as now the teen population have become really open minded when it comes to use drugs openly in social gatherings (Paylor et al, 2012). The current scenario of teen drug addicts in Britain has illustrated that this issue is getting out of hand. In a European Schools Survey Project, with 42% teen boys and 39% teen girls, illegal drugs have been used. Alcohol abuse, alcohol one of those drugs widely used in teenagers in UK, is prevailing commonly in UK, and this situation is getting worse in case of girls. Professor Martin Plant, of the University of West of England said: â€Å"One of the big prob lems is that vast numbers of young people who engage in these behaviors believe that they are completely invulnerable†. Causes of Teen Drug Addiction One of the reasons of a high rate of teenage drug addicts in UK reported by this professor are poor parenting. Parents living in UK are very broad minded and don’

The Renovation of English Vocabulary from Old English to Modern Research Paper

The Renovation of English Vocabulary from Old English to Modern English - Research Paper Example In the transformation of English language from Old English to Modern English, crucial changes have taken place in vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation which is illustrated by an analysis of these elements in ‘Canterbury Tales’ compared with Modern English equivalents. In the Text 81 from the ‘Canterbury Tales’ one finds several examples of the origins of the vocabulary and a comparison of the original Old English vocabulary and their Modern English equivalents proves how the vocabulary developed overages. The Friar’s Prologue in ‘Canterbury Tales’, for example, opens with the lines: â€Å"This worthy lymytour, this noble free, / He made always a manner louring chiere / Upon the somonour, but for honesty / No vileyns word as yet to him speak he.† (Freeborn) This can be read in the Modern English as follows: â€Å"This worthy limiter, this noble friar, / He turned always a lowering face, and dire, / Upon the summoner, but for cou rtesy / No rude and insolent word as yet spoke he.† (Freeborn) The changes or the developments in each of these items can be easily recognised by the readers and this progress in the vocabulary of the language reflects the general nature of English language which has developed over several periods. In conclusion, the history of English language establishes that the language progressed from Old English to Middle English to Early Modern English and the vocabulary is a major area of language in which variations are more readily noticeable over long stretches of time.

Examining Prison And Its Alternative Institutions Criminology Essay

Examining Prison And Its Alternative Institutions Criminology Essay Prisons systems around the world have been pursuing an expansionist course for decades. There are more than 9.8 million people held in penal institutions around the world (Walmsley, 2008). Prison systems are having an increasingly difficult time dealing with the number of offenders that are sentenced to imprisonment as evident in the overcrowded living conditions and understaffed institutions. At a time when public expenditure is under pressure, governments are faced with the daunting task of finding funding to build new prisons and manage existing ones. Not surprisingly, prison is increasingly becoming regarded as a scarce and expensive resource. Some theorists have argued that there prisons should be abolished altogether given that they do not fulfil the justifications for punishment. Other theorists have contended that prisons are the only solution for the most serious crime but they are used much too often and for minor offences. The term reductionist refers to significant reductions in prison population size (Rutherford, 1984). While there have been recent increases in the incarceration rate in Scandinavia and the Netherlands, they have traditionally been regarded as successful examples of a reductionist policy. This essay will argue, not for the abolition of prisons, but for a drastic reduction in their use by using strategies proposed by Rutherford (1984) applied universally. Strategies to reduce the use of prison should start with the prison itself and substantially reduce the capacity of the prison so that prison is a scarce resource. Only then will alternatives to prison be used instead of prison and not in addition to prison. America has the highest incarceration rate in the world at 748 per 100,000 of the population (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009). There are approximately 2,297,400 people held in state and federal prisons and local jails throughout the U.S Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009). This is almost a quarter of the worlds prisoners and yet America is home to less than five-percent of the worlds population (Adam Liptak, 2008). The state of California houses around 171,275 prisoners which is more than any other U.S state Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009). California is a prime example of the countrys growing prison population and the unsustainable prison costs. In California alone, the prison system costs the government $10 billion a year (Trachtenberg, 2009). By 2012, the government will be spending more money on its prison system than its university system (Trachtenberg, 2009). The construction of new prisons has not reduced the unprecedented level of overcrowding or improved conditions in California prisons. There are 33 adult prisons in California and each prison is holding many more inmates than it was intended for (Specter, 2010). Some are reaching 300% of their capacity. The extreme overcrowding has meant that prison gymnasiums, hallways and cafeterias are being used to house inmates, and in some cases the inmates are triple-bunked (Specter, 2010). The inmates sleep in close confinement with one another, and there is nothing that protects them from being sexually and physically abused by fellow inmates. The crowded and unhygienic conditions, mean inmates are more likely to get sick, stay sick, and pass illnesses onto others. Prison overcrowding is directly related to the inhumane conditions that prisoners live in inside many of the worlds prisons. England and Wales also have a high prison population rate of 153 per 100,000 of the national population. Although the prison population rate in England and Wales is much lower than in America, many countries have rates of below 150 per 100,000. There are 83,392 people in prison in England and Wales and new and existing resources will need to accommodate a planned prison population of 96,000 by 2014 at an enormous cost (Walmsley, 2008; House of Commons, 2010). Recent research shows that prison expenditure in England and Wales increased dramatically between 2003 and 2009 from  £2.868 billion to  £3.982 billion respectively (Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, 2010). A large number of prisoners are sharing cells that were only intended for single use (Millie, Jacobsen Hough, 2003). If this forecast is realised then England and Wales will have the highest imprisonment rate in Western Europe at 169.1 per 100,000 people (House of Commons, 2010). The public expenditure is under great pressure in England and Wales and the government needs to decide if it will continue with its prison building programme or invest in the prevention of crime (House of Commons Justice Committee, 2009). Overcrowded prisons like in America and England and Wales are a symptom of the expansionist movement. The prison population rates are likely to increase annually and because it takes years to bring a new prison into commission the existing prisons are filled over and above their capacity (Rutherford, 1984). To deal with the expected increase in the prison population rate expansionist systems tend to have prison-building programmes in place to increase the size of their existing prisons and build new ones (Rutherford, 1984). Rutherford (1988) argues that serious overcrowding can attract political attention and lead to closer inspection of the prison system. In California, attention has been drawn to the state of Californias prisons by the various lawsuits that have been filed against the governor and corrections officials by prisoners. In the case of Plata v. Davis in 2002, the state acknowledged that it had not been providing adequate medical care to meet the needs of prisoners throu ghout the prison system (Specter, 2010). Based on this and other cases, a court was set up to address Californias prison crisis which concluded that overcrowding in the prisons prevented the state of California from providing adequate mental and medical health care to its prisoners (Specter, 2010). Following the investigation, the court imposed a population cap of 137.5% of the prisons capacity (Specter, 2010). According to Rutherford (1984), these types of orders can have several types of consequences. First, prison overcrowding can initiate a reductionist movement. Policy makers could be encouraged to make use of early release mechanisms or set-up more community-based punishments. For example, in California the state has launched a programme to trial shortening the period of time that parolees remain under intensive supervision which can last for years following their release from prison (Muradyan, 2008). The strict parole conditions mean that offenders are often returned to prison for parole violations such as missing their appointments (Muradyan, 2008). If minor-offenders are able to stay clean for six-months after their release from prison then their supervision will end early (Muradyan, 2008). In England and Wales, a report on the overcrowding of prisons strongly recommends that the government reinvest in community based sanctions for prisoners who are only sentenced to prison for a short time to reduce the prison population and reduce re-offending (House of Commons Justice Co mmittee, 2009). Second, prison overcrowding can encourage officials to make use of prison facilities in neighbouring jurisdictions (Rutherford, 1984). When the court imposed a population cap on Californias prisons the state began to transfer around 8,000 of its prisoners to facilities outside of California. This solution only succeeds in shifting the problem of overcrowding elsewhere and as we will see in the case of California, it is a short-term solution to a larger problem. The authorization to transfer Californias inmates to facilities in other states expires in July of 2011 (Muradyan, 2008). Third, overcrowding can contribute to the expansion of prison systems. When resources are stretched it can help to secure more resources for the expansion of existing prisons and the creation of new ones (Rutherford, 1984). In response to the prison crisis in California, the state borrowed $7.4 billion make room for 40,000 more prisoners in state prisons and to create 13,000 new county jail beds (Muradyan, 2008). This was a controversial move because the government obtained the financing through lease-bonding, a move that saves the state from having to gain voter approval and costs more than other types of bonds (Muradyan, 2008). It is clear from this example that there is big money involved in the expansion of prison systems. Most prisons are built with borrowed money like in California. The funding for prisons can produce big profits for the private companies that are involved in prison systems throughout the world in one way or another (Christie, 1994). Health care, food services and construction are all sectors that are expanding fast and providing big profits for private firms (Christie, 1994). Private sector involvement can also be seen in the private-prison itself. In his book, Crime Control as a Product (1994), Nils Christie raises the important point that with this amount of interplay with private profit interests, even up to the level of private prisons, we are building an important growth factor into the system (pg. 111). The profits associated with private prisons mean big money for private companies who are able to build and run prisons for a fraction of what it costs the government and the gover nment is able to avoid asking the voters permission to build a new prison (Christie, 1994). Christie warns that an expansionist policy will lead to private prisons and in turn, a focus on financial rather than humanitarian aims. Although Governments have been geared towards expansion for decades, a large number are becoming increasingly aware that prison is a scarce resource that is too expensive to maintain. In some countries, this perception is based on the understanding that prison is not fulfilling its key aims of punishment. Perhaps other countries are not comfortable using the restriction of liberty as the main form of punishment. But for a lot of countries, it would seem that a reductionist policy makes more sense than an expansionist one in economic terms. For example, in the Netherlands the judiciary believe that prison is ineffective as a punishment and should be used as a last resort (Downes, 1988; 81). The Netherlands has maintained a low prison population in the post-war period, a time when other prison populations have sky-rocketed. This is likely due to the short length of sentences compared with countries like America (Downes, 1982). There are a number of factors that are likely to have helped to maintain a certain level of penal capacity in the Netherlands. First, penal sentencing and criminal justice policy in The Netherlands has traditionally enjoyed a culture of tolerance. The culture of tolerance lead to less prejudice, less discrimination, and reduced the need for harsh punishment (Downes, 1988). A glance at the history of the Netherlands illustrates the long tradition of Dutch tolerance towards minority groups, deviants, and religious beliefs and points of view that strayed from the norm. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries The Netherlands was less inclined to use capital and corporal punishment than its European counterparts and notably fewer wartime collaborators were killed after the war compared with countries such as Belgium and France (Downes, 1988). Second, the culture of tolerance in The Netherlands was allowed to operate in the setting of a politics of accommodation. Criminal justice policy, for the most part, operated out of the public eye and was free from public opinion. Criminal justice policy was largely determined by a small group of professional elites who made accommodations with other smaller groups to support tolerant policies. A range of different groups, even those that supported abolitionism, were a part of the penal reform. Although criminologists with extreme views such as Bianchi, would have been excluded from advisory roles in England and Wales or the United States, in The Netherlands radical views on criminal justice are welcomed and the participation of elites with such views serves to lead debates in a direction that would not have been considered otherwise. The criminal justice process also remained free from unnecessary public interaction. The criminal justice system was run by a small number of highly pr ofessional and well educated practitioners. Other theories assert that a combination of social developments contributed to the sentencing trends in the Netherlands. There are five major social developments that may have impacted on the situation; the comprehensive range of social services, a large number of youth centres, a large number of client-oriented welfare and social-service agencies, responsible reporting by the mass media, and the pressure group activities on behalf of the penal reform by the social service agencies (Hulsman, as cited in Downes, 1988; 344). Another factor could be that many Dutch people were imprisoned during the War and that this made the Dutch less inclined to administer sentences of imprisonment as they understood the pains that imprisonment can cause (Downes, 1988). Downes (1988) argues that these factors occurred alongside the sentencing trends but that they did not necessarily influence the trends. The trends in the sentencing policy of the Netherlands have remained rather constant. The mild reactions of the Dutch to crime and the co-operation of political parties made it easier for a small group of elites to implement criminal justice policies free from public opinion. welfare However, maintaining such a stable prison population would not have been possible without the co-operation of the judges. The legal training which places a negative value on imprisonment seems to be important in maintaining the use of imprisonment as a last resort. The reductionist policy was not peculiar to The Netherlands at this time. Scandinavian countries have also enjoyed low levels of imprisonment and humane prison conditions. Although the levels of imprisonment in Scandinavia are also on the rise, the rate of 66 per 100,000 of the population is still significantly lower than many countries around the world (Pratt, 2008; Walmsley, 2008). Pratt (2008) attributes the low prison population rates and humane prison conditions to a culture of equality and generous welfare state. The Scandinavian welfare state provided support for anybody that needs it. There were no limits to who could apply for assistance and no shame involved in asking for it (Pratt, 2008). The people of Scandinavia afforded the state a large amount of power and paid high taxes in exchange for high levels of security. The state provided security for its people by guaranteeing work and unemployment benefits, social services (medical care, care for the elderly, and improved li ving conditions for its citizens (Pratt, 2008). Peoples individual interests were secondary to shared common and political goals (Pratt, 2008). In Scandinavia, there was a generally held belief that a strong welfare state could reduce the problem of crime the way it had reduced other social problems (Pratt, 2008). Crime was viewed as an illness that could be treated like any other illness and so the rehabilitation of offenders was an important part of the criminal justice process (Pratt, 2008). The job of the criminal justice system was to treat offenders and then reintegrate offenders back into the community. While in prison, offenders were treated humanely and there was no need for further degradation because the loss of liberty was the punishment (Pratt, 2008). Furthermore, the social solidarity in Scandinavia meant that offenders were not seen as a dangerous class, merely as another group of welfare recipients (Pratt, 2008). The Scandinavian public seem to be an exception to the increasingly punitive attitudes and policy towards offenders that exists in many countries around the world. Although the support for the rehabilitation of offenders is on the decline, while the use of sentencing and the length of sentences is increasing they are still more inclined than their European counterparts to believe that prevention programmes can reduce crime (Demker, Towns, Duus-Otterstrà ¶m Sebring, 2008. In addition, less than half of the Swedish public still believe that tougher jail sentences can reduce crime (Demker et al., 2008). The Netherlands and Scandinavia demonstrate that prison populations can be reduced and sustained at low levels. Some general themes have emerged: the criminal justice policies are expert and research driven; the criminal justice system is not influenced by public opinion or political motives; a strong welfare state. Perhaps the most important conditions for a successful reductionist approach are a questioning of the prison system and the purposes it serves and an understanding that the prison population is less to do with the amount of crime that occurs than the response to crime by the criminal justice system (Rutherford, 1984). According to Rutherford (1984) the reductionist policy can be applied more universally. Before looking at the ways Rutherford (1984) has proposed to reduce the prison population it is important to acknowledge that the items on the agenda need political support. Politicians need to acknowledge that there are alternatives to prison available, as demonstrated in Scandinavia and the Netherlands. Instead of forecasting an increase in the number of people in prison, new low targets should be set. In addition, there must be a desire to push forward with the reductionist agenda even during hard times (Rutherford, 1984). Rutherford (1984) acknowledges that the ideological concerns of officials within the criminal justice system significantly influence the policies and procedures that are made. In many countries, there is a political consensus that an approach to crime and criminality should be tough. For example, in England and Wales, the prison system has expanded under both the Labour and Conservative governments. Both Labour and Conservative governments seems to ascribe to the Great Expectations  [1]  ideology as illustrated by their investment in the prison system. To gain political support for the reductionist agenda, people must be made not to like the great expectations approach so that it loses its vote-winning potential. Before any items on the reductionist agenda can be introduced there is a lot of work that will need to be done. Rutherford (1984) proposes nine ways to reduce the prison population according to the reductionist approach (Rutherford, 1984). They are as follows: The physical capacity of the prison system should be substantially reduced. There should be a precise statement of minimum standards as to the physical conditions of imprisonment and these should be legally enforceable. The optimal prison system staff-to-prisoner ratio should be determined and implemented. The prison system should have at its disposal early release mechanisms and use these to avoid overcrowding. Certain categories of persons sentenced to imprisonment should, if the space be not immediately available, wait until called-up by the prison system. Sentencing discretion should be structured towards use of the least restrictive sanction. Breach or default of non-custodial sanctions should only exceptionally be dealt with by imprisonment. The range of non-imprisonable offences should be widened to include certain categories of theft. The scope of the criminal law should be considerably narrowed (Rutherford, 1984: p. 175-176) To control overcrowding, Rutherford (1984) encourages the use of early release mechanisms. Parole as a form of early release can play a major part in determining sentence length and the size of the prison population. Parole is already being used in places like Australia, United Kingdom, Canada, and New Zealand (Ministry of Justice, 2010). Generally speaking, parole is the release of an offender on the grounds that they adhere to conditions decided upon prior to their release and that these conditions are in effect until the full term of their sentence is up. Narrowing the scope of the criminal law and widening the range of non-imprisonable offences is important because the majority of people in prison are not serious offenders, they are people who have committed minor crimes or created a social nuisance (Rutherford, 1984). Rutherford (1984) argues that as long as prison is used instead of providing welfare to these people, governments will not try to find more effective ways of dealing with this behaviour. At one point in time, social nuisances such as sleeping on the streets and begging were imprisonable offences. According to Rutherford (1984) certain categories of theft should also be made non-imprisonable. He proposes that: On economic and philosophic grounds, property offences where the amount involved is less than, say  £100, should be non-imprisonable. (Rutherford, 1988: 182). Perhaps the value of the property stolen is not the best way to decide whether an offence is serious or not especially when it is as random and subjective as Rutherford (1984) has suggested. It would make more sense to make all minor thefts non-imprisonable and would also be likely to have a more significant effect on the size of the prison population. An alternative suggestion is decriminalisation. Decriminalisation has the potential to reduce the prison population substantially if it is applied to drug use. In 2000, a report blamed the US drug contol policies for the soaring incarceration rate (Schiraldi, Holman Beatty, 2000). In that same year, nearly a quarter of people imprisoned were imprisoned for a non-violent drug-related offence (Schiraldi, Holman Beatty, 2000). These findings suggest that the decriminalisation of drugs and perhaps other minor non-violent offences could significantly reduce the number of people that enter the criminal justice system. Rutherford (1984) advocates the structuring of sentence discretion towards the use of the least restrictive sanction. To achieve this, Rutherford suggests a commission be set up to determine sentencing guidelines. A sentencing commission would have the difficult task of determining the seriousness of offences. The judiciary are generally given a lot of discretion when it comes to deciding sentences. For sentencing policy to have an impact on the prison population it requires the co-operation of the judiciary. Despite the introduction of non-custodial sentences prison populations have continued to rise. This raises doubts about whether non-custodial sentences are being used in the ways that they were intended. In some cases non-custodial sentences are used in addition to imprisonment or in instances where a custodial sentence would not have been handed down in the first place (Rutherford, 1984). Another concern is that strict conditions often accompany alternative sanctions. If the strict conditions are breached then the person can end up in prison anyway. An example of this is the suspended prison sentence which was introduced into English law in 1967 (Bottoms, 1981). The suspended prison sentence was supposed to be used instead of a prison sentence but it was largely used in cases where a fine or probation would have been previously handed out (Bottoms, 1981). Only about half of the people who received the suspended prison sentence would have actually been sentenced to prison if it were not for the suspended sentence (Bottoms, 1981). In addition, judges began to hand out longer sentences to people that received the suspended sentence than they would have if the same person was actually sentenced to prison (Bottoms, 1981). These figures provided a strong argument for the removal of the use of the suspended sentence in England. However, the suspended sentence was implemented in Japan and the Netherlands more successfully. An important difference is that in Japan and the Netherlands, a breach of the suspended sentence does not result in imprisonment (Rutherford, 1984). Rutherford (1984) suggests that this difference might explain why the suspended sentence has contributed to the prison population in England but not in the Netherlands or Japan. The inherent danger of alternative sanctions is that they will supplement rather than replace sentences of imprisonment. Rutherford (1984) recommends establishing a clear understanding of when the non-custodial sentence should be used and what will happen if further offending occurs while the non-custodial sentence is in place. Failure to pay attention to these important issues can have the unintended consequence, as seen in England, of widening the scope of the criminal justice system. Often, strategies to reduce the prison population focus on decisions at the rear of the criminal justice process that deal with the prosecution stage. It is important to note that the decision of who enters the criminal justice system is largely outside the control of the government (Rutherford, 1984). The police are involved in crime prevention, recording of crime, and investigating crime. They are the gatekeepers of the criminal justice system and are afforded a great deal of discretionary power in deciding who enters the criminal justice system and who does not. In England, the police decide who to stop and search, who is guilty, and who to prosecute (Poyser, 2004). The decisions that they make have a huge impact on prison practice and policy. Perhaps the best way to restrict the reach of the criminal justice system is to significantly reduce the physical capacity of the prison system. There are three main ways to reduce the prison capacity; cease new prison building, phased closing of existing prisons, and refurbish existing prisons. In the Netherlands, prior to 1975, there was a large reduction in the prison population from 6,500 inmates to less than 2,500 inmates. The decrease in prison population size was associated with the closure of sixteen of the countrys prisons. If prison capacity is reduced and no new prisons are built, provided countries do not tolerate overcrowding, prison will be a scarce resource that should be reserved for the most serious crime. A logical extension of the reductionist argument is that prisons should be abolished altogether. Although it may seem a radical idea, a glance at the history of the death penalty tells us that abolition is indeed possible (footnote). This idea has received considerable attention within the field of criminology especially by criminologist Thomas Mathiesen. Over the years, arguments in defence of prisons have focused on claims about the purposes of punishment and prison. According to these arguments the purposes of punishment are: rehabilitation, general prevention, collective and selective incapacitation, and justice (Mathiesen, 2000). Mathiesen addresses each one in turn in his book Prison on Trial (2000). First, Mathiesen (2000) examines recent research on rehabilitation in prisons. The CDATE project is a review of a large number of studies on the rehabilitation of offenders in prison and the effects of interventions on drug use and recidivism (Mathiesen, 2000). The project found that correctional interventions were not effective in reducing recidivism (Mathiesen, 2000). Interestingly, community based sentences such as parole and probation did not do much better at reducing recidivism. Some of the programmes included in the study actually produced more problems. It is worth noting that a number of studies on interventions with an emphasis on developing social skills found positive results (Mathiesen, 2000). However, these studies are few and far between. Rutherford (1984) and Matheisen (2000) both express concern over the use of correctional interventions in the prison context. The kind of ideology that supports the use of prison to rehabilitate offenders ignores the history of resear ch on the topic. Rutherford (1999) is also concerned that rehabilitation is based on the idea that prison works and that offenders can be diagnosed and then treated. Then, Mathiesen (2000) addresses the idea that prison serves the function of general prevention. The effectiveness of prisons in producing enough fear in people to convince them not to commit crimes has been hotly debated in criminology. Mathiesen refers to Richard Wrights (1994) review of studies on deterrence. Wright (1994) concludes that the greater a persons perceived and actual chances of getting caught are, the less likely they are to commit crime (Wright, 1994). This is also true for later crime. Changes in policy that increase the perceived chances of being caught will reduce crime in the short-term but will not have a lasting effect (Wright, 1994). Furthermore, the expected and actual severity of crime has no effect on offending (Wright, 1994). Taken together, these findings provide no evidence of a preventative effect of the severity of punishment. Next, Mathiesen (2000) looks at incarceration. There are two ways that prison can be used as incapacitation; collective incapacitation and selective incapacitation. Collective incapacitation refers to the use of prison to incapacitate offenders based on the seriousness of the crime and to a lesser extent, their prior convictions (Wright, 1994). Selective incapacitation refers to the use of prison to incapacitate certain offenders who continually offend and pose a risk to law-abiding citizens (Wright, 1994). Wright (1994) argues that a small group of chronic offenders are responsible for the majority of crime committed. Although, prisons do not deter the offenders from committing crime, it can atleast incapacitate them and protect society from the crime of the chronics (Wright, 1994: 112). On the other hand, Mathiesen (2000) contends that research provides no support for incapacitation in defence of prisons. Incapacitation does not have a significant effect on the rate of crime nor do es it increase the safety of citizens (Mathiesen, 2000). In a review of the related literature, prison and more specifically incapacitation only had marginal effects on crime (Mathieson, 2000). It is also important to note that even though new generation of criminals will only replace those that are incarcerated and incapacitated. To lock the new chronic offenders away would only serve to swell the prisons more. The idea of selective incapacitation is even more controversial. Selective incapacitation raises methodological, legal, and moral concerns about the accuracy of predictive measures used to estimate the probability of future behaviours. The problem of false positives (people predicted to continually reoffend that do not) is central to these arguments. The number of false positives, from prediction instruments, is still very high (Mathiesen, 2000). If the various instruments were put into practice despite their inaccuracy, they would influence the decision making process in co urt. The chance that a person will re-offend is only one feature that the courts take into account when making their decisions. Courts also need to consider mitigating circumstances, fairness, and history amongst other things. Finally, proponents of the prison system endorse retribution as an ethical and fair goal for prisons. These beliefs date back to the influential writings of Cesare Beccaria (1964) in On crimes and Punishments. Beccaria disagreed with the barbaric and extreme punishments that were so commonly used in 18th century Europe. Retributivists believe that punishment should be proportionate to the crime. In this case, offenders are punished not for rehabilitation, or to prevent them commiting more crimes, but to give them their just desserts. The just desserts model requires that crimes are ranked according to severity, punishments are ranked according to severity, and then the crimes and punishments are matched (Wright, 1994). Ranking punishment

The Life Support of the Forestry Regime: Case Studies of Two Transnatio

The Life Support of the Forestry Regime: Case Studies of Two Transnational NGOs Introduction As relatively new actors in international relations, nongovernmental organizations or NGOs are becoming a vital component for successful environmental regimes. NGOs organize transnational advocacy networks that link state actors, businesses, and other organizations. The forestry regime is relatively weak as compared to other environmental regimes because of a lack of international agreements and state policies regarding forest conservation. NGOs have attempted to fill this state actor void and are beginning to shape the quality of the regime by establishing principles to guide state behavior. NGOs have developed conservation and management strategies, financed reforestation projects, and fostered business partnerships. This essay compares the strategies of the World Wide Fund for Nature (referred to as the World Wildlife Fund-WWF in English speaking countries) and Rainforest Alliance, two international NGOs that are involved with forestry projects in developing countries. The c omparison indicates that both increase public awareness through different strategies. The WWF defines overarching goals and finances broad programs and the Rainforest Alliance focuses on industry through certification programs. Though both NGOs have not significantly changed international policy, they have been successful in creating a civil society to support the regime. If NGOs continue to change the public’s values and increase their involvement with local communities, they will become an even greater source of strength within the forestry regime. Where have our global forests gone? Deforestation is a significant threat to the world’s biodiver... ...Asia-Pacific: Corporations and Environmental Management. New York: Cambridge University Press. 202pp. Rainforest Alliance- Innovative Solutions for Global Conservation. Online. The Rainforest Alliance. Available: www.rainforest-alliance.org updated 2004 [accessed 4/5/04]. Shapiro, C. 2003. Indonesian Wood Certified as Legally Cut Arrives in Norfolk, Va. Port. Virginian-Pilot. Aug. 6, 2003. Wapner, P. 2004. Politics Beyond the State: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics. In Green Planet Blues, edited by K. Conca and G.D. Dabelko, (pp. 122-139). Boulder, CO.: Westview Press. Wilson, B., Van Kooten, G.C., Vertinsky, I., Arthur L. 1999. Forest Policy: International Case Studies. New York: CABI Publishing. 273pp. WWF Forests for Life Programme. Online. The World Wide Fund for Nature. Available: www.panda.org updated 2004 [accessed 4/5/04].

Manhood and Misogyny in “Death of a Salesman”

An important aspect of Miller's â€Å"Death of   a Salesman† is the play's denouement — which is commonly accepted as being the moment that Loman commits suicide, and in doing so, hopes to provide his son, Biff, â€Å"with insurance money for a fresh start† (Phelps 239).This ending is commonly construed to represent a pyric victory   on Loman's behalf because it implies that he has — in the end — acted out of love for his family.However, as H.C. Phelps points out in his very astute article â€Å"Miller's Death of a Salesman† (1995) the emotional climax of the play is not at the moment of Loman's actual death, but earlier when Loman â€Å"makes his final, irrevocable decision after the play has reached its undoubted emotional climax, Biff's dramatic declaration to his father† (Phelps 239) which is essentially a confession of his self-perceived worthlessness.The play's emotional climax, viewed in one way, seems to offer closure which hints at possible happiness, even in suicide, even in death — but according to Phelps' explication, the true resonance of Loman's suicide and death is not heroic but only tragic and ironic.In â€Å"Death of a Salesman,† the theme of happiness or completeness of life is central to the play's dramatic impact. The play explores how the lives of a man and his sons are connected through contemporary ideas of manhood and family. In the play, many aspects of masculinity are presented in a way that promotes irony.Part of the identification with manhood which exists for the male characters in the play is steeped in misogyny or in the objectification of women. This misogyny is important to the overall theme of family and manhood in the play because it shows, through irony, that the diminishment of womens' experience and labor by men contributed to the fragmentation of the family.Part of this fragmentation includes the degradation or de-evolution of male-bonding and particularly the bonding between a father and his sons.   As Phelps points out in his brief but penetratingly able essay, the perceived closure of the play's end is really better perceived as ironic and as a natural extension of the play's essentially fragmented and misogynistic presentation of American social realities.A good example of this fragmentation is the character of Linda who is presented in the play as being both subservient to her husband, Willy, and held in low esteem by her own sons.While the overt dramatic impact of this arrangement of characters might seem to suggest only the cold detachment of the modern male or the inability of the modern male to overcome chauvinism against women, a careful reading of play reveals that this disconnect between the male characters of the play and the character of Linda is symbolic of the incompleteness of modern male experience.In fact, the main sense of distress for   the Loman family comes not from poverty or emotional barriers, but merely from Loman's absence from his domestic sphere. This absence is symbolic of the western, primarily American, male experience.When Linda implores Willy to â€Å"Talk to them again. there's no reason why you can't work in New York† (Miller) she is imploring that Willy take more of an interest in his familial than professional life.   This familial perception of male-responsibility is a crucial aspect of Loman's suicide because it is â€Å"primarily due to their insistence on Biff's love for his father, not to any explicit comment by his son, that Willy decides to take his own life† (Phelps 239).However, as Phelps points out, â€Å"Linda and Happy are repeatedly shown to be among the most deluded, obtuse, and mendacious characters in the play† (Phelps 239) so their assurances to Willie that Biff loved him are, for the alert reader, according to Phelps, mere lies which are rooted in misogyny and fragmentation of relationships.Later in the play, Willy's involvement with â€Å"the Woman† shows clearly that the misogynistic aspects of masculinity as represented by Miller extend not only to the domestic and familial spheres, but to the erotic and sexual spheres. When The Woman asks Willy â€Å"Whyn't you have another drink, honey, and stop being so damn self-centered?† (Miller) Loman's reply is â€Å"I'm so lonely† (Miller) and the deeper meaning of his answer lies in the fact that his very misogynistic attitude has cut him off from feminine love or even feminine erotic response.Because Loman is unable to relate to his wife's need for his patriarchal presence in his own home and also unable to relate to The woman's need for erotic stimulation   and celebration, Loman is in fact cut off from the primary energy-sources of true manhood: fatherhood, husbandry, and Eros. The impediment to Loman's happiness is not actually poverty but misplaced male-identity and misogyny.Loman's discord with femininity is reflected also in the b ehavior of his sons who recklessly abuse women and conduct themselves as womanizers. Similarly, when Biff and Happy talk about Betsy they â€Å"they refer to [her] as a pig [†¦] and a pig suggests â€Å"pigskin,† the material that footballs were traditionally made of, and compares their relationship with Betsy to sport† (Ardolino).Because the misogyny of Loman's sons is manifested primarily through their sexual response and sexual behaviors, the thematic impact of their relationships with women as represented in the play seems to suggest that the corruption of Eros is the first casualty of misogyny and that the deterioration of the family and finally of manhood and the self follow quickly thereafter.The corruption of Eros is a symbol and symptom of the degeneration of family values which has taken place under the predominantly materialistic society which is represented in â€Å"Death of a Salesman;† however, the sexual function is merely a preliminary casua lty of the malaise and â€Å"soul derangement† which Miller perceives in the society which he is endeavoring to dramatize in the play.Closely associated with erotic love is †¦ love itself, and even this emotion is so tainted by mendacity, by corruption, and by atrophy within the social microcosm of the play, that the absence of true love is what actually drives the play's climax: not reconciliation or closure, but tragic despair and loneliness.   Biff's final words to his father are â€Å"I'll go in the morning.Put him—put him to bed† (Miller) and as Phelps points out, these words are â€Å"a tepid and ambiguous expression of concern† (Phelps 239) adn reveal, not love, but the absence of love which is, in fact,the true motivation for Loman's suicide.The key aspect of the lack-of-love interpretation is to realize that it is a misogynistically determined outcome: a symptom of a male-ordered social-universe which has sacrificed essential elements of h uman survival, like love, to the more expedient materialistic concerns of the moment.In conclusion, while the interplay between men and women in Death of a Salesman seems at surface level stylized almost to the point of cliche, penetrating and revealing themes emerge from a careful reading of the gender-based themes of the play.Primary among these is the idea of corruption of male authority and male energy by the disconnect from erotic love and finally a misogynistic bearing toward women in general. To put it in simplistic terms, the play is trying to show that turning away from the nurturing energy and experience of what is usually called â€Å"feminine† in American society has corrupted American society's sense of manhood and allowed the disintegration of the family to follow.The key to retrieving the balance of family lies not in riches or material success but in finding harmony between the masculine and feminine natures which are the focal energies of all families.Phelps' article, while eschewing lengthy examinations of gender-based, or socially based explications, does manage to uncover, according purely to the characterizations of the play itself, a continuity of expression which inverts the commonly associated emotional resonance of the play's close and offers and incisive and very ably expressed interpretation of the play's climax which seems to me much more faithful to the overall tone of the play as Miller intended it to be experienced.Works CitedMiller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. Penguin Books, 1976.Ardolino, Frank. â€Å"Like Father, like Sons: Miller's Negative Use of Sports Imagery in Death of aSalesman.† Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 25.1-2 (2004): 32+.Phelps, H. C. â€Å"Miller's Death of a Salesman.† Explicator 53.4 (1995): 239-240.Rosefeldt, Paul. The Absent Father in Modern Drama. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

Case Study: Arnott’s Emporio Marketing Strategy Essay

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Australian cracker and crispbread market was worth $245.4 million in June of 20031. With the Australian biscuit market accounting for about $100million annually. Arnotts Biscuits controls approximately 56% of this market2. Where over the past few years, has seen to an increase in demand of premium quality biscuits. The Emporio range of cafà © style biscuits were first launched by Arnotts in January 2001 to meet this increase in demand for a high quality biscuit to emulate the cafà © lifestyle at home. By June 2003, the Emporio brand of biscuits was expected to be worth over $10million dollars to the Arnotts corporation3. The following will aim to provide an analysis of the Emporio Brand, highlighting the target market along with the various marketing strategies used by the brand. TARGET MARKET Originally the Emporio brand was marketed as a cafà © selection range of gourmet biscuits, to be enjoyed on special occasions. The brand was targeting a niche high-class market, to illustrate prestige and quality. The target audience included successful women over 30. However, the product was repositioned in the middle of 2003, with various campaigns to target a different market. In order to successfully implement these changes, a business must first segment its market, in order to clearly identify the demands of the potential customers. Segmentation can occur through aspects of: Geographic location The selection of Emporios is available nation wide, with over 95% of supermarkets accepting the product4. However, particular attention is paid to particular regions, such as highly populated metropolitan areas, where the range and quantity of products are greater. Demography The targeted age has not differed from the original positioning of the product, however, particular attention is given to attract males, as well as maintaining the strong relation with women. This is achieved via adapting and introducing new lines. Emporio remain a premium biscuit, and thus are tailored to the â€Å"white collar† professions, with medium to high income. Psychograph Through changes in the lifestyles of this demography, a new more casual trend of entertaining has emerged, for which purpose this product is been portrayed. Behavior The Emporio brand has kept with tradition of providing an image of supreme quality and prestige, however, one, which can be, now enjoyed daily. MARKETING STRATEGIES Product It is important to identify the product at different levels; at the core the product is a biscuit to be consumed with coffee. This core product is  surrounded by another level of identification, which allows the Emporio brand to be recognized as one of quality. This is the actual product where different styles of the original Emporio, combine with the quality and brand recognition of Arnotts. The success of Emporio can be enjoyed, due to its successfully implementation of positioning strategies, where an immediate image of value and quality was assigned with the Emporio name. A combination of positioning strategies was used include: Positioning by benefits and quality – where the different range of biscuits always insured that ingredients very used of the highest quality and at they’re freshest. Positioning by price – people often associated a product’s price with its quality. Emporio’s ranges of biscuits are a premium biscuit far expense than others available on supermarket shelves, reinforcing it as a quality product. Positioning by usage occasion – in its earlier marketing, the biscuit was shown as an occasional product. Through repositioning the biscuit provides a separate range, for â€Å"daily indulgence†. Packaging for the Emporio brand has been recognized as an important determined in its success by Arnott’s vice president of brand management Peter West. Packaging was â€Å"instrumental in ensuring the welcome, and positioning the brand†, he says5. The Emporio range is packaged to be recognized as a superior biscuit, which resemble cafà © quality biscuits, via its individual packaging of each biscuit. The packaging also shows clearly with vivid colours and pictures of the type of biscuit used to distinguish between other competitors. Price Emporio also implements a range of pricing policies. To represent high quality and distinguish itself from other ranges of biscuits it implements  price points; along with price and quality interactions. Where customers believe a higher price can be associated with better quality. Since Emporio’s remain an exclusive product, a relatively high price can be changed in order to maximize profits, market skimming. Promotion The Emporio brand has employed numerous advertising methods to create awareness, and ultimately induce convection to purchase their product. The use of nation wide television advertisements in 2003, to reposition the brand has seen a come back in late 2004. Combined with regular advertisement in respected food, and fashion magazines. Television: The television ads portrays the target market of success businessmen and women in post of lawyers, secretaries, and other executive roles enjoying a relaxing â€Å"treat† with their coffee, whist singing the jingle. The brand has also made use of ‘below the line’ promotion techniques, free sampling and point-of-purchase displays. Product sampling has mostly occurred to encourage other styles of the Emporio biscuit via online grocers. Place Emporio Biscuits are able to use the Arnotts brand and worth to gain access to direct channels, where the product is distributed to metropolitan areas, along with shopping centers across the nation. The distribution of the brand is intensive, where the product is available at all possible supermarkets. With over 95% of national supermarkets embracing the product. Rosemary Ryan, â€Å"Arnott’s Emporio biscuit makes a savoury move†, B&T,HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.bandt.com.au/news/ac/0c0175ac.asp† http://www.bandt.com.au/news/ac/0c0175ac.asp, viewed on 18 May 2005. Ed Weiss, â€Å"Australia†, Biscuit World,HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.biscuitonline.com/index.jsp?page=article&magazineID=4&articleID=107† http://www.biscuitonline.com/index.jsp?page=article&magazineID=4&articleID=107, viewed on 18 May 2005. Unknown, â€Å"Secrets of success: products that win†, B&T,HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.bandt.com.au/news/d2/0c0058d2.asp† http://www.bandt.com.au/news/d2/0c0058d2.asp, viewed on 18 May 2005. Unknown, â€Å"Secrets of success: products that win†, B&T,HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.bandt.com.au/news/d2/0c0058d2.asp† http://www.bandt.com.au/news/d2/0c0058d2.asp, viewed on 18 May 2005 Unknown, â€Å"Secrets of success: products that win†, B&T,HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.bandt.com.au/news/d2/0c0058d2.asp† http://www.bandt.com.au/news/d2/0c0058d2.asp, viewed on 18 May 2005

Frankenstein Analysis Essay Essays

Frankenstein Analysis Essay Essays Frankenstein Analysis Essay Paper Frankenstein Analysis Essay Paper Frankenstein Analysis Essay BY gtnad101213 l. The pursuit of knowledge is at the heart of Frankenstein. In the letters at the beginning of the novel, Robert Walton had been writing to his sister of how he longs to travel the seas and attempts to surpass previous human explorations by endeavoring to reach the North Pole. Due to his pursuit of knowledge, he finds himself in a dangerous position trapped between sheets of ice. Victors pursuit of knowledge started from when he was Just a child. The narrator begins to pick apart and identify the aspects of his personality that will eventually lead to his downfall. He possesses what he calls a thirst for knowledge. Thirst, of course, is a fundamental human need, necessary to ones very survival. Victors desire to learn, therefore, is driven by nothing so insubstantial as curiosity. It is instead the precondition of his very being. The fascinations of the human soul and how the body works, intensifying his thirst by reading the books of Cornelius Agrippa, Paracelsus and Albertus Magnus. As Victor attempts to surge beyond accepted human limits and access the secret of life, his creation ends up destroying everyone that he had care for. Although he two had a thirst for knowledge, one quickly realized that they had chosen a dangerous path, Robert Walton. You seek for knowledge and wisdom, as I once did; and I ardently hope that the gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as mine has been. ( letter IV pg 39)From the wise words of Victor, Walton ultimately pulls back from his treacherous mission, having learned from Victors example how destructive the thirst for knowledge can be. : The theme of the pursuit of knowledge leads into the theme of secrecy. Victor keeps his studies and his experiment of his creation a secret. He also keeps the knowledge of Williams killer a secret because it was his creation of the monster that murdered the innocent boy. II. In chapter two, Victor witnesses the destructive power of nature when, during a raging storm, lightning destroys a tree near his house. It was not splintered by the shock, but entirely reduced to thin ribands of wood. I never beheld anything so utterly destroyed. (pg 48) Therefore Victor had witnessed the destructive powers of nature and was astonished that something so beautiful could be destroyed so abruptly. The world of nature that is expressed in the book can be argued that it ffects the moods of characters in the novel. The sublime natural world, embraced by Romanticism as a source of unrestrained emotional experience for the individual. It initially offers characters the possibility of spiritual renewal. Mired in depression and remorse after the deaths of William and Justine, for which Victor responsible, Victor heads to the mountains to lift his spirits. The harsh winter that Victor endured symbolised depression and remorse. As well, after a the hellish winter of cold and abandonment, the monster feels his heart lighten as spring arrives. The influence of ature on mood is evident throughout the novel, but for Victor, the natural worlds power to console him wanes when he realizes that the monster will haunt him no matter where he goes. By the end, as Victor chases the monster obsessively, nature, in the form of the Arctic desert, functions simply as the symbolic scenery for his primal struggle against the monster. nterests and ambitions that no one could understand, he stayed in secrecy. Victor conceives of science as a mystery to be examined and discover its secrets, once discovered, must be Jealously guarded. He considers M. Krempe, the natural hilosopher he meets at Ingolstadt, a model scientist: an uncouth man, but deeply imbued in the secrets of his science. Victors entire obsession with creating life is shrouded in secrecy, and his obsession with destroying the monster remains equally secret until Walton hears his tale. Whereas Victor continues in his secrecy out of shame and guilt, the monster is forced into seclusion by his bizarre appearance. Walton serves as the final confessor for both, and their tragic relationship becomes immortalized in Waltons letters. In confessing all Just before he dies, Victor escapes he stifling secrecy that has ruined his life; likewise, the monster takes advantage of Waltons presence to forge a human connection, hoping desperately that at last someone will understand, and empathize with, his miserable existence. IV. The way Mary Shelley wrote the novel Frankenstein is in first person point of view. By having the book in first person the reader is able to witness Victors life story on a different level. This helps the reader have a better understanding of whats going on in the novel. If the novel was written in another form, the reader would robably have great difficulty understanding Victors story. Other pieces of works were also mention in the novel such as Paradise Lost. The texts and languages strongly associate with the story as well with other themes in the novel. It moved every feeling of wonder and awe, that the picture of an omnipotent God warring with his creatures was capable of exciting. I often referred the several situations, as their similarity struck me, to my own. Like Adam, I was apparently united by no link to any other being in existence; but state was far from different from mine in every other espect. He had come forth from the hands of God a perfect creature, happy and pros perous, guarded by the especial care of his Creator, he was allowed to converse with, and acquire knowledge from, beings of a superior nature, but I was wretched, helpless and alone. (Ch. XV, page 116) As stated in the quote, the monster is comparing himself and the relationship of him and his creator to the story that he reads in Paradise Lost. The reader can relate to the monster and can see his point of view of how he is mistreated by his creator unlike Adam in the Story. mbition over the people around him. Even when Victor finishes creating his creature, his feelings of melancholy and guilt overwhelm him so that he cannot have solace from those around him. Though Victor is alone once the Creature has killed his family, this isolation could also be considered brought upon by Victor himself. Victors isolation, then, should create in him a sense of guilt or atonement for his creation of a Creature who stripped him of those friends and family surrounding him; however, Victor only seeks vengeance and his continued state of melancholy. The Creature, on the other hand, is isolated because of Victor. Victor was the Creatures creator and should have provided and taught the creature, taking responsibility instead of running away. He also is isolated by society because of his appearance, which is, again, not the Creatures fault. Compared to Victor, the Creature is far more isolate, and we can see that this isolation is superior to that of Victor because of the drastic measures the Creature takes in order to be with people. Victor does not really consciously attempt to engage with those around him, but the Creature does, craving companionship and a way to release himself from his isolation. Ultimately, the Creature cannot become part of any community so this isolation creates rage inside of the monster and leads him to commit the acts that ultimately isolate Victor. VI. In the novel Frankenstein by mary shelley there is a clear comparison between the creature and Victor to God and Satan. Victor and the creature are mostly compared to God and Satan. Victor was so blind by his determination to recreate that he was too late to realize exactly what he was creating. He saw that he wasnt reating life but he was Just twisting death. God also regretted his creation after it was too late. In the novel, Frankenstein, Mary Shelley intertwines the relationships between her characters through their insatiable desires for knowledge. The actions of these characters, predominantly the monster, allude to Satan, in John Miltons epic poem, Paradise Lost. Both the monster and Satan are fixated on vengeance because of the parallel rejection they are faced with in their respective works. Vengeance becomes the principal theme during the course of both works and it fuels the fire for he consciences of the monster and Satans every Judgment. Rejection by creator plays a vital role in the plots of both the monster and Satan. Victors creature, born innocent, tried to fit in the world that he was put into. But the constant rejection and isolation from the very beings that he longed to interact with caused him to evolve into a self-acknowledged Satan, from Paradise Lost. The monster immediately upon setting eyes on the world is abandoned and rejected by Victor Frankenstein. The monster states, It is with considerable difficulty that I remember the original era of y being; all the events of that period appear confused and indistinct. (Shelley 194) isolated because of his interests in philosophy that no one else had. When i was thirteen years of age, we all went on a party of pleasure to the baths near Thonon:.. i chanced to find a volume of the works of Cornelius Agrippa communicated my discovery to my father. My father looked carelessly at the titlepage of my book, and said, Ah! Cornelius Agrippa! My dear Victor, do not waste your time upon this: it is sad trash. ( pg 46 chap II) Victors interest were not accepted therefore he kept to imself and became non social. Thus hindering the aid of finding his identity. The creature also struggled with his quest to find his identity. His creator was filled with disgust at the first sight of him. Without hesitation he shunned his creation and ran away from him. The monster was left with no one to teach him how to love, no one to teach him social skills, how to live, the creature had to fend for himself in every case. This left the monster to question his identity, Was I then a monster, a blot upon the earth, from which all men fled, and whom all men disowned. This leads him to oubt himself, and actually contemplate suicide. Not knowing ones identity can be troublesome for someone. It can make one question everything they do, every move every thought questions. This can put a strain on ones life and cause them to feel depressed and suicidal. We can see this in the monster and Victor throughout the novel. Although the creature starts to realize that he is alone, there is no other like him. This helps him create an identity for himself. He can characterize himself as an outsider. The theme of identity helps the reader to have a stronger understanding of the characters. In the novel of Frankenstein it can be argued that the theme of religion has been illustrated within the book. While many people view Mary Shelleys Frankenstein as a horror novel, it is also to be believed it has more of a religious background due to the insertion of Paradise Lost into the story. The story of God creating Adam is a popular topic in this story and is also believed that Shelly had intended for Frankenstein to be an allegory for the story of creation. In the instructional novel of How to read Literature Like a Professor, chapter five and seven can be used to make a onnection with the novel of Frankenstein. In chapter five of the instructional manual of How to read Literature Like a Professor, the author explains how stories overlap in a way. Book are never totally original. They all use similar characters with similar personalities. Authors use other authors to influence their style of writing and what they write about. In the novel, Mary Shelley introduces the story Paradise Lost, to make a comparison and difference between the creature with Adam. But Paradise Lost excited different and far deeper emotions. I read it, as i had read the other olumes which had fallen into my hands as a true history I often referred the several situations, as their similarity struck me, to my own. Like Adam. This quote comparison to its own situation. Therefore stories indeed did overlap in a way. In chapter seven of the instructional manual of How to read Literature Like a Professor, it is mainly about how every piece of literature is somehow related to or referring to the Bible. They all involve things such as temptation, betrayal, denial, etc. Also, writers refer to the Bible because almost everybody knows at least some of the tories from the Bible. The novel Frankenstein expresses religion because Victors obsession with recreating life. He takes a place as God and the creature takes the place of Adam. The story of God and Adam was used in the novel to draw out the use of religion. Chapter seven also connects to Frankenstein because he felt the temptation of knowing the secrets of nature. The world was to me secret which i desired to divine. As quoted, Victor had temptation for knowledge. Therefore temptation was involved in the novel. Therefore, the instructional manual of How to ead Literature Like a Professor and the novel Frankenstein are relatable. The manual is solely based on teaching rising students like me how to think, and change my perspective in order to get the deeper meaning behind a piece of literature. In Frankenstein the Monster, who is thought to be illiterate, watches the Frankenstein family and teaches himself to eat, sleep, and hold himself like them. He teaches himself to be a more sophisticated human being by watching this family similar to the way millions of students are teaching themselves to be more sophisticated by reading this manual.

7 effective strategies for college students

7 Effective Strategies For College Students You Are Finally on Your Own- Be Safe Graduation is over and you are headed to college. A world that begins your transition from young adult, to adulthood. For many this is an exciting time. Time to be on your own and make your own choices. While it is going to be great not to have your mom walk in on you while you are doing God knows what, and to not have your dad looming by while you are talking on the phone with friends, becoming an adult comes with responsibility. Yeah, that word again. You will be running into that word the rest of your life, and then you will be passing it on to your kids one day. Before you settle into the daily grind of college life, and write essay number one, take time to go over these important steps that may keep you responsible and safe enough to finish college. Choose Friends Wisely Everyone wants to be liked, and you had protection at home when your parents could watch over you, and get on your nerves about what friends you chose. Everyone that smiles is not a friend, and many of your college mates may not be those that you would want around if you are there to gain that degree. Partying is one thing, but overdoing it is another. Be the one that knows how to say â€Å"no†, it is a word that will come in handy. Secure Your Belongings Laptops, phones, IPods, these are costly and your parents are not going to want to keep sending you these things if they are lost or stolen. You do not want to have to work hard and have to buy them over and over again either. Invest in an engraving tool and computing system locks, there are many online that are inexpensive. E-mail Your Professors This is so important. Let them know that you are happy to be coming to their classes or even ask for  college essay help. Nurturing a relationship with them is going to be valuable as you move from semester to semester. They have been at the college for many years, well some of them, and they know what you need to succeed. Some will even lay out your entire path for you, advising what classes to take now, and which ones to wait to take. Save Money If you have millions of dollars you can skip this one. Most of us don’t have the privilege of parents with fat bank accounts to send money to us every month, so be thrifty. You don’t have to have 100-dollar tennis shoes to look your best, and ramen noodles taste good when the right veggies are added to them. There are books to be bought, and they are expensive, so rent them. Used books are okay too, as a matter of fact, the notes in them from other students that came before you can be priceless. Although you may have to buy essays online from the  best college essay writing service  if you are behind in your schedule, don’t make a habit of it. Saved money can go towards much needed copy costs and travel fares. Bike or Walk Campuses can be huge, and so can the bus fare to get around them in bigger cities. Get a good bike or walk, not only will you be healthier, you will save a ton of money. Try to get Your Syllabus Early Many professors will gladly send it if you ask for it when you email them and introduce yourself. This is a great way to get to the bookstore before the rush in the first week of school. Utilize the Study Lab The less wear and tear you put on your personal computer or laptop, the better. The computer study lab and college library are there for your use and the extra icing on the cake is that it is usually very quiet and you can study effectively. This wasn’t the normal how to get your studying done guide you may have been looking for, however, print this out and put it on the back of your door to your dorm room, or on your mirror. After you are practical about how to live your life on campus, the rest will be easier to handle. Those talks that your parents gave you before leaving home were not to nag you, but were to keep you safe. Don’t forget to call them, they miss you more than you could ever know, and you know you miss them too.

3D Printing Technology for Computing Systems - myassignmenthelp

The 3D printing goal has been realized through integration of various technologies, materials, and emerging processes and tactics which make interaction with 3D printing ecosystem at times difficulty. Contrally to that, the technology has come with a lot more in terms of benefits more so to the manufacturing. To start with, production cost through 3D printing has been cut largely while overall production being increased and made easy. Profit maximization being the objective of any organization, 3D printing has been embraced by many manufacturing firms because of its role to ensuring that firms achieve this objective. The technology has also emerged with its disadvantages also, for instance considering that manufacturing 3D products was tiresome and technical to some extent, many people could occupy such a sector of production. Therefore, emergency of 3D printing led to unemployment. Different authors have had different reactions towards 3D printing technology which is normal as each of them express his own opinions. Some have reacted negatively towards the technology while others have expressed their satisfaction. However, both reactions have been embraced by the readers in accordance to their sense. In this paper we take a look at two authors, Mike Scott and Terry Wohlers and their opinions towards 3D technology Mike Scott, 2017, May. 3D Printing Will Change the Way We Make Things and Design Them In 2017. In  Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems  (pp. 497 508). Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikescott/2017/01/25/3d-printing-will-change-the-way-we-make-things-in-2017/#33dc4f6e310e In his opinion, Mike predicted 3D printing to have a big impact on the sector of artificial technology, because 3D printing had widened its scope from consumer side where its focus used to be to potential industries. He expresses the manner in which the technology would be advantageous by quoting a case scenario of 3D printed graphene, which would be able to make materials lighter than the atmospheric air but very strong. Such materials would be used to make lightweight products like aircraft and filtration devices which would create a room for saving fuel, costs and reduce emissions Mass production in industrial sector is another advantage he praised 3D printing technology with, he used case study of Dubai based startup, Cazza in this scenario which had reported to have the ability of printing 200m2 of concrete in a day. Therefore, the company could be able to establish structures at a faster rate than conventional methods could allow. Mike gave some examples of companies which had experience change under this technology, like Siemens which through the technology reported benefits on the sector of greenhouse gas emissions reduction, resource use reduction and reduction in time which could be taken in production previously. The company associated its past experience with the limitations of manufacturing process. Mike termed the main factor holding the progress of 3D printing as the risk-averse mindset of the designers. And which he saw as the reason as to why the technology has not been able to have firm bases in the manufacturing sector. One of the shortcomings of Mike’s insights in this journal was his tendency of pointing out mistakes and leaving them without a suggested solution. Considering that the important side of any problem is its solution, Mike could have suggested a solution to the factor of risk-averse mindset of the designers which he termed as the main drawback to the progress of 3D printing technology. Terry Wohlers, 2016, August. The 3D Printing Landscape: Then and Now. Designing brand identity: An essential guide for the whole branding team  (pp. 320 430). Available from: https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/stories/news/26620 In this journal, Terry aimed at enlightening his readers on the history of 3D technology and its progress over the years. Terming this technology to slowly being appreciated and being embraced by different companies under manufacturing sector, he quoted some of the companies like GE, Airbus, Lima and Stryker which have specialized in producing metal parts useful in sectors like bridge construction. He also enlightened on the modern applications of 3D printing   like in soft and hard tissue print outs which are implanted on animals and human beings as well. He proceeds to give hope to people who accidentally face organ challenges in their lives that through this technology replacement of organs such as fingers, liver and kidney are possible. He foresees the future of electronics as bright under this technology. As through the technology handheld electronics will be 3D printed to conform to product shapes without having to design such products around circuit boards, and this would be a way of making work easier, courtesy of 3D printing technology. He also expresses his excitement towards 3D printing technology on its ability to produce digital inventories which enables companies to manufacture on demand. Although Terry managed to drive his point home on the 3D technology, his journal was too brief for any new reader in 3D printing technology to understand what the technology was all about. This limited the scope of his readers as a result, in that the only readers who could be able to benefit from his journal were the veterans under 3D printing technology. Expounding more on his ideas would be a huge milestone to filling the gap. Mike Scott, 2017, May. 3D Printing Will Change the Way We Make Things and Design Them   Ã‚  Ã‚   In 2017. In  Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Systems  (pp. 497 508). Available from:    https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikescott/2017/01/25/3d-printing-will-change-the-way-we-   make-things-in-2017/#33dc4f6e310e Terry Wohlers, 2016, August. The 3D Printing Landscape: Then and Now. Designing brand   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   identity: An essential guide for the whole branding team  (pp. 320 430). Available from:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/stories/news/26620

Policemen of the World Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Policemen of the World - Research Paper Example The situation in Libya can be traced back to when the Arab Spring occurred and protests began in many nations that are part of the Arab league. The uprisings led to the removal of several heads of state through force such as the ousting of the president of Yemen and also the peaceful resignation of the Tunisia Prime Minister. In other parts of the Arab world the effects of the riots are still been felt as seen with the case of Syria in which there is still a civil war. The citizens of Libya were part of those who rebelled against the leadership but the government of Muammar Gaddafi instead of resigning decided to suppress the revolutionaries by use of force. The United States together with NATO received a lot of criticism from the Libyan government as well as from African leaders who felt that there was a disregard for the sovereignty of the country and international law. Gaddafi also enjoyed a good level of support in his home country more so since Libya’s economy had grown s ignificantly under his rule and so he did enjoy significant support in the country (Lengeni 2012). The Al Qaeda is a terrorist group that was located in Afghanistan, however after the US invaded Afghanistan they shifted to north of Pakistan where they are currently located. The United States has since then been sending drones in Pakistan until present day due to the presence of Al Qaeda in some of its remote areas. The Pakistan government has constantly criticized this move by the US government however due to its poverty levels and inadequate military it is unable to either crush the Al Qaeda rebellion or stop US from sending drones to its territory. The attacks have been mainly focused near the Afghan border as this is where most Al Qaeda rebels are situated. Many US citizens have always felt that the activity of US in Pakistan was excessive and beyond their duty and that withdrawal should not only be done but the drone strikes were unnecessary in the first place. The US government has therefore been in constant dialogue with the Pakistan government on setting up some terms and conditions which once they fulfill the drone strikes can end. The economic crisis that hit the nation from 2009 – 2013 was another factor that made the drone strikes have a negative image. The cost of the war in Iraq and Afghanistan had already passed the billion dollar mark and the public felt that it was time to withdraw their troops; the people also felt that there was no need for continued air strikes and military presence in Pakistan. The Pakistan government has however been in a controversial situation since the leak of documents showing that they supported the air strikes as they too feared that the entry of Al Qaeda into the country could lead to the removal of the already weakened government (Lister, 2010). The development of US into a world superpower was led by several factors one of which was the gradual deterioration of the British Empire. Britain had faced several rebellions in the territories that it held and this had led to its army being severely weakened as WWII started. Other European nations that had also been viewed as superpowers such as France had also significantly weakened and so could not aid Britain much when the war started (Whitehead, 2006). The impact of the

Texas Financial Funding of Public Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Texas Financial Funding of Public Schools - Essay Example The highest of these revenue producers are local property taxes that account for a majority of districts local tax revenue. Therefore, the information means a lot to me. In this article, I learned that the public education system in Texas is among the biggest in the country with a sizeable number of school districts and a charter school comprising many campuses. In addition, the article revealed that Texas has extra school districts compared to any other state, and it is next only to California in regard to the number of students registered in its schools. I also learned that at present the school finance system of Texas is functioning as two separate systems: one system is based on the equalizing calculations of the foundation school program, and the other focuses on historical district funding stages commonly referred to as the target revenue system. This article by Research foundation means a lot to me. This is because such programs developed in schools including the foundation school program ensure that each public school in Texas has enough finance and balances resources to offer a fundamental instructional plan that meets the values of the state. I have learned from this article that for a long time the courts in Texas have been demanding the legislature to create fairer and equitable ways to finance public education within the state. The article also enlightened me on the issues surrounding the school finance in Texas. For instance, I have learnt about the judicial history and the achievement of the present system of school finance in attaining various school finance equity objectives. The information provided in this article means a lot because it has made me realize that Texas is the best state to study. For example, Texas acknowledges that some attributes of school districts and of learners increase the costs of giving education. The information can be used to encourage others in various ways, especially those with issues concerning school finance in Texas.  Ã‚  

History Early Christians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

History Early Christians - Essay Example Agnes shows the image of Mary placed between St. Peter and St. Paul with her arms extended towards the two saints. The increased interest in the Virgin Mary that was evident during the catacombs came about as a result of a new doctrine by the Church Fathers who represented the Virgin Mary as the â€Å"New Eve†. The church fathers taught that just in the same way that Eve had played an important role in bringing the downfall of Adam, the Virgin Mary as the New Eve had played an important role in the redemptive ministry of Jesus who was seen as the new Adam. According to this teaching, both Eve and Mary had played secondary but significant roles in the lives of Adam and Jesus2. Ideally, this understanding was not popular in the Apostolic church and hence the reason why there was little art depicting the Virgin Mary in the earlier period. Although Mary had been recognized in earlier literature within the church, the assumption by the Church Fathers that she participated in the work of Salvation with Jesus Christ had given her new status within the church. By the 3rd century, most people within the church had accepted the Virgin Mary under the title â€Å"Mother of God† even though this title had not been solemnized until two centuries later. Under this new status, praying directly to Mary was no longer seen as idolatry but rather as a spiritual communication with God3. By the time the Council of Ephesus was convened in 431 A.D., where the Virgin Mary was officially christened as the â€Å"Mother of God† there were numerous cathedrals that had been dedicated to her name in most parts of Rome and Jerusalem and this was also the time within which art was also developing. After the Council of Ephesus, the went through a flourishing period of dedication to the Blessed Virgin in most parts of the East and the West and the quantity of this dedication was mostly brought out through art. This devotion

Case Study on South West Airlines Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

On South West Airlines - Case Study Example The company is also a fun place for people to work and is regarded very highly by employees. There are many aspects of this success of Southwest Airlines. In this essay we will present a SWOT analysis alongside with an analysis of porter’s five forces. This will also include the financials of the company. The organizational culture of the company and its operations and leadership will be discussed. Issues the company is facing currently will also be discussed and recommendations will be made. SWOT Analysis Southwest Airlines Southwest Airline has displayed cost leadership in the airline industry by turning cost effectiveness into profits. The culture of the company is also in line with the core values of the airline. Below an in depth view of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the company will be taken. Strengths The most impressive thing about Southwest Airlines is its financial records. The company is yet to report a loss on its balance sheets and this i s a big achievement considering the ups and downs airline industry in US faces. Since 1972 the company has given annual returns of around 25%. This shows the impressive performance of the company. The airline believes in friendliness and love in customer relationships as well as employees. One of the main reasons of success of the company is its employees. The friendly culture of the company illicit the best out of every employee of Southwest and that is why innovative ideas are given by lower and middle level employees. This is one of the reasons of Southwest Airline’s success. The management of Southwest Airlines has done an amazing job in crafting its company’s strategy. The strategy of cost leadership has done wonders for the company and I personally think that the idea of being cost effective in the airline industry great. Usually airlines have huge operational costs so they do not go for such a strategy but Southwest has shown the world that this can be done. Thi s strategy has proven itself to be a winning strategy. Southwest Airlines reported a profit of USD178 million in 2008 (Bloomberg, 2011). This was the time when recession had badly hit the US economy but still the company was able to reap profits. The operating expense of the company have not grown significantly even during recession. Operating expenses were $1,280 million in 2007 while in 2008 they grew to $1,385 million. Also the revenue in 2008 increased as compared to 2007. In 2007 revenue figure was $9,587 million and in 2008 it grew to $11,023 million. The CGS also has grown accordingly, in 2007 it was $7,235 million and in 2008 it was $8,590 million (Bloomberg, 2011). This shows that the costs of Southwest have not increased significantly. The company has tried to differentiate its policies from its competitors by doing everything in its own way. Employees were not fired in tough times, cost cutting was given attention rather than value addition, flights for shorter routes was started and a friendly work culture was introduced in the company. All this was not the usual trend in the industry but this became the basis for Southwest’s success. The company has proven that conventional thinking has led many airlines into huge loses (Freiberg & Freiberg, 1997). One of the operating practices in the company is to schedule more flights a day and pilots work an hour more than in other airline companies (Mouawad, J. 2010). The company also pays its

Pricing Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Pricing Decisions - Essay Example All the articles provide a framework through which managers and stakeholders within the marketing environment can understand pricing dynamics. In order to enhance objectivity of results obtained, these articles employ the use of scientific research processes in acquiring information. Therefore, findings at the end of each article reflects experimental results on pricing policies, efficiency of pricing models and the relationship between pricing decisions and productivity. Introduction In actual marketing context, product and service pricing plays a significant role in influencing attitude of current and potential consumers. In a competitive environment, consumers may avoid purchasing goods from a given manufacturer because of higher prices compared to other producers in the industry. On the contrary, Kunnumkal and Topaloglu (2010) say that setting product and service prices depend on the production cost as well as profitability objectives of an organization. In this case, any produce r has to reach a compromise between retaining consumers and pursuing its goals of profit maximization. According to Hoseason (2003), pricing models and policies contained within these articles proposes empirical mechanisms through which producers can achieve such an essential compromise. One article holds the opinion that pricing decisions should be in line with observed or expected customer behavior. In this case, all decisions regarding product price should take into consideration implications resulting from implementing adopted policies. Contrarily, other articles insist on the role of production cost in determining market price of products and services. Such a model seeks to establish an economic balance between production efficiency and pricing policies. Importance of the Study With respect to significance of information contained within the articles, one should acknowledge the fact that empirical pricing models are instrumental in responding to real world marketing problems. I n practical context, the economic forces of demand and supply may not prove realistic and responsive in explaining price elasticity. According to Mandy (2009), prices may be affected by other variables like distribution mechanisms, marketing channels and retail strategies. In this case, manufacturers need to appreciate resourcefulness of experimental approaches in making pricing decisions. Low price on products and services may induce customers’ propensity to make buy decisions. However, setting such low prices should be in synchronization with other determinant factors like cost of manufacturing and expected revenue of an organization. According to Leo, Chris and Verma (2012), certain market segments, especially those involved in tangible products are known to being more price sensitive compared to service delivery markets. In such cases, pricing decisions should be a function of price sensitivity variables and expected revenue. This explains why pricing policies are formula ted after thorough consideration to aspects of marginal costs and profits. Article 1 - Retailer Dynamic Pricing and Ordering Decisions: Category Management versus Brand-by-Brand Approaches, Kopalle et al, 2010. According to Kopalle, Hall and Krishna (2010), the aim of this article is to determine the effects of category management in influencing ordering decisions and sustaining profitability at a given pricing levels. It seeks to develop an empirical

History Early Christians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

History Early Christians - Essay Example Agnes shows the image of Mary placed between St. Peter and St. Paul with her arms extended towards the two saints. The increased interest in the Virgin Mary that was evident during the catacombs came about as a result of a new doctrine by the Church Fathers who represented the Virgin Mary as the â€Å"New Eve†. The church fathers taught that just in the same way that Eve had played an important role in bringing the downfall of Adam, the Virgin Mary as the New Eve had played an important role in the redemptive ministry of Jesus who was seen as the new Adam. According to this teaching, both Eve and Mary had played secondary but significant roles in the lives of Adam and Jesus2. Ideally, this understanding was not popular in the Apostolic church and hence the reason why there was little art depicting the Virgin Mary in the earlier period. Although Mary had been recognized in earlier literature within the church, the assumption by the Church Fathers that she participated in the work of Salvation with Jesus Christ had given her new status within the church. By the 3rd century, most people within the church had accepted the Virgin Mary under the title â€Å"Mother of God† even though this title had not been solemnized until two centuries later. Under this new status, praying directly to Mary was no longer seen as idolatry but rather as a spiritual communication with God3. By the time the Council of Ephesus was convened in 431 A.D., where the Virgin Mary was officially christened as the â€Å"Mother of God† there were numerous cathedrals that had been dedicated to her name in most parts of Rome and Jerusalem and this was also the time within which art was also developing. After the Council of Ephesus, the went through a flourishing period of dedication to the Blessed Virgin in most parts of the East and the West and the quantity of this dedication was mostly brought out through art. This devotion

Pricing Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Pricing Decisions - Essay Example All the articles provide a framework through which managers and stakeholders within the marketing environment can understand pricing dynamics. In order to enhance objectivity of results obtained, these articles employ the use of scientific research processes in acquiring information. Therefore, findings at the end of each article reflects experimental results on pricing policies, efficiency of pricing models and the relationship between pricing decisions and productivity. Introduction In actual marketing context, product and service pricing plays a significant role in influencing attitude of current and potential consumers. In a competitive environment, consumers may avoid purchasing goods from a given manufacturer because of higher prices compared to other producers in the industry. On the contrary, Kunnumkal and Topaloglu (2010) say that setting product and service prices depend on the production cost as well as profitability objectives of an organization. In this case, any produce r has to reach a compromise between retaining consumers and pursuing its goals of profit maximization. According to Hoseason (2003), pricing models and policies contained within these articles proposes empirical mechanisms through which producers can achieve such an essential compromise. One article holds the opinion that pricing decisions should be in line with observed or expected customer behavior. In this case, all decisions regarding product price should take into consideration implications resulting from implementing adopted policies. Contrarily, other articles insist on the role of production cost in determining market price of products and services. Such a model seeks to establish an economic balance between production efficiency and pricing policies. Importance of the Study With respect to significance of information contained within the articles, one should acknowledge the fact that empirical pricing models are instrumental in responding to real world marketing problems. I n practical context, the economic forces of demand and supply may not prove realistic and responsive in explaining price elasticity. According to Mandy (2009), prices may be affected by other variables like distribution mechanisms, marketing channels and retail strategies. In this case, manufacturers need to appreciate resourcefulness of experimental approaches in making pricing decisions. Low price on products and services may induce customers’ propensity to make buy decisions. However, setting such low prices should be in synchronization with other determinant factors like cost of manufacturing and expected revenue of an organization. According to Leo, Chris and Verma (2012), certain market segments, especially those involved in tangible products are known to being more price sensitive compared to service delivery markets. In such cases, pricing decisions should be a function of price sensitivity variables and expected revenue. This explains why pricing policies are formula ted after thorough consideration to aspects of marginal costs and profits. Article 1 - Retailer Dynamic Pricing and Ordering Decisions: Category Management versus Brand-by-Brand Approaches, Kopalle et al, 2010. According to Kopalle, Hall and Krishna (2010), the aim of this article is to determine the effects of category management in influencing ordering decisions and sustaining profitability at a given pricing levels. It seeks to develop an empirical

Slavery and African Slave Traders Essay Example for Free

Slavery and African Slave Traders Essay 1. What was indentured servitude like in the colonies? Was it much different from being a slave?: Indentured servants either agreed to serve for a stated period usually about five years or upon arrival to the colonies they bargained with wealthy Englishmen, Dutchmen or High German, for how long they would serve for their passage money. In the colonies indentured servants where under strict control of their masters and were not given any compensation for their work. It was much like slavery but not everything was the same. Indenture was a contract and unlike slaves servants could sue their masters if they failed to fulfill their half of the bargain. Where as slaves had no civil rights at all. Also unlike slaves servants were able to be freed after they have completed their years of labor. Usually the former servant was entitled an outfit with that most servants become land owners. 2. Compare/contrast the Middle Passage to the voyage of indentured servants. In The Middle Passage they were not treated the same as were the people in The voyage of the Indentured Servants . The people in the Middle passage were beaten and deprived of food even after the crew was full from eating fish they did not give any to the slaves. The servants were allowed to bring their own food or drinks which most still went bad but they were not deprived entirely of food. As soon as the servants got to the colonies if they had paid their passage they were free to go unlike the slaves that were sold. The condition of living on both ships were much the same as far as the diseases and illness that plagued both ships. 3. Compare/contrast Olaudah Equiano’s document with Alexander Falconbridge’s. Are these documents reliable? Why or why not? Both documents are personal accounts of what each man viewed on the slave ships. The two documents spoke of disease, malnutrition, and punishment endured by the slaves. I believe both of the documents are a reliable source because they both spoke of relatively the same conditions as the other. Both of the documents spoke of African slave traders that traded and sold African slaves to the slave trade. In both passages they spoke of the much more cruel punishment the slaves would undergo from the white men as opposed to their prior black owners. 4. Whom did the slave trade serve? How many different types of people were involved? The slave trade served mainly American merchants. For the majority French, Dutch, English, and African slave traders. Slave ships would go abroad and capture as many people they could enslave.